Bones of the Lower Extremity

Your goal is to be able to identify, using the mounted skeleton and individual bones, all of the following bones, landmarks, and whether a bone is left or right.

Hip Girdle
The hip, or pelvic, girdle is composed of a R & L os coxa, each of which articulates firmly to the axial skeleton through the sacroiliac joint posteriorly
- Ilium (superior)
  1. surfaces & parts
    - body
    - iliac ala (wing)
    - arcuate line
    - iliac crest
  2. projections
    - anterosuperior iliac spine (ASIS)
    - anteroinferior iliac spine (AIIS)
    - posterosuperior iliac spine (PSIS)
    - posterorinferior iliace spine (PIIS)
  3. articular surfaces
    - surface for the sacroiliac joint
    - acetabulum
      shared with ischium & pubis
  4. other features
    - greater sciatic notch
    - pelvic brim
- Ischium (posterior)
  1. surfaces & parts
    - body
    - ischial tuberosity
  2. projections
    - ischial ramus
      with inferior ramus of pubis forms ischiopubic ramus
  3. articular surfaces
    - acetabulum
      shared with ilium & pubis
  4. other features
    - lesser sciatic notch
    - ischial spine
    - pelvic brim
    - posterior aspect of obturator foramen
- Pubis (anterior)
  1. surfaces & parts
    - body
    - superior ramus
      joins to body of ischium & ilium
  2. projections
    - inferior ramus
      with ischial ramus forms ischiopubic ramus
    - pectin pubis
  3. articular surfaces
    - acetabulum
      shared with ilium & ischium
    - pubic symphysis
  4. other features
    - anterior aspect of obturator foramen
    - pelvic brim
    - pubic arch
Thigh
- Femur
  1. ends
    - proximal: head
    - distal: femoral condyles & patellar surface
  2. projections
    - greater trochanter
    - lesser trochanter
    - intertrochanteric crest
    - gluteal tuberosity
    - linea aspera
    - medial & lateral epicondyles
  3. articular surfaces
    - head
      articulates with acetabulum of os coxa
    - medial & lateral condyles
      articulate with tibial condyles
    - patellar surface
      articulates with patella
  4. other features
    - fovea capitis
    - neck
    - shaft
    - popliteal surface
    - intercondylar notch
Knee
- Patella
  1. features
    - base
    - apex
    - femoral surface
Leg (crus)
- Tibia (medial)
  1. ends
    - proximal: head
    - distal: medial malleolus & talar surface
  2. projections
    - tibial tuberosity
    - anterior crest
    - medial malleolus
    - interosseous ridge
  3. articular surfaces
    - head: medial & lateral condyles (proximal)
      articulate with femoral condyles; bear menisci
    - intercondylar eminence
    - fibular notch (distal)
    - articular surfaces for talus (distal)
  4. other features
    - shaft
- Fibula (lateral)
  1. ends
    - proximal: head
    - distal: lateral malleolus & talar surface
  2. projections
    - interosseous ridge
  3. articular surfaces
    - on head for tibia (proximal)
    - articular surface for talus (distal)
  4. other features
    - shaft
Ankle (tarsus)
Anatomically this is in what we term the foot
- talus
  1. proximal talar bone
  2. articulates distally with navicular
  3. articulates inferiorly with calcaneus
- calcaneus
  1. inferior & posterior talar bone
  2. articulates distally with cuboid
  3. articulates superiorly with talus
- navicular
  1. articulates proximally with talus
  2. articulates distally with cuneiforms
- medial cuneiform
  1. articulates proximally with navicular
  2. articulates distally with metatarsal I
- intermediate cuneiform
  1. articulates proximally with navicular
  2. articulates distally with metatarsal II
- lateral cuneiform
  1. articulates proximally with navicular
  2. articulates distally with metatarsal III
- cuboid
  1. articulates proximally with calcaneus
  2. articulates distally with metatarsals IV & V
Foot (pes)
- Metatarsals
  1. I (medial)
    - articulates with medial cuneiform
  2. II
    - articulates with intermediate cuneiform
  3. III
    - articulates with lateral cuneiform
  4. IV
    - articulates with cuboid
  5. V (lateral)
    - articulates with cuboid
- Phalanges
  1. digit I
    - only two: proximal phalanx & distal phalanx
  2. digit II
    - has three: proximal, intermediate, & distal
  3. digit III
    - has three
  4. digit IV
    - has three
  5. digit V
    - has three

[ A&P1 Syllabus ]

Version 1b