The Immune System

Principles of Immunity

pathogens

bacteria

virulence

viruses

host cell

protists

parasites

cancer cells

“clean-up”

External defenses

skin

epidermis

keratinocytes

melanocytes

Langerhans cells

Granstein cells

dermis

sweat glands

sebaceous glands

mucosal modifications

saliva

mucous

alveolar macrophages

Resistance to inflection

white blood cells (leukocytes)

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

neutrophils

eosinophils

basophils vs. mast cells

monocytes

lymphocytes

B cells

T cells

NK cells

leukocyte properties

margination

endothelial CAMs

diapedesis

ameboid motion

chemotaxis

phagocytosis

enzymatic digestion

peroxisomes

reticuloendothelial systme

Innate immunity

Inflammation

the signs

ruber, tumor, calor, & dolor

acute inflammation

defense by resident tissue macrophages

localized vasodilatation

increased capillary permeability

localized edema

walling-off of inflamed area

tissue thromboplastin

emigration of leukocytes

leukocyte proliferation

leukocytic destruction of bacteria

opsonization

pus

phagocyte-secreted chemical mediation

direct action

NO (nitric oxide)

lactoferrin

release of histamine

triggering of clotting/anticlotting mechanisms

formation of active kinins from kininogens

kallikrein

endogenous pyrogen (EP)

secretion of leukocyte endogenous mediator (LEM)

reduction of plasma iron concentration

promotion of granulopoiesis

acute-phase proteins

interleukin 1 (IL-1)

proliferation and differentiation of B and T lymphocytes

tissue repair

scar tissue in nonregenerative tissues

salicylates and glucocorticoids

Interferon

promotes formation of viral-blocking enzymes

NK (natural killer) cells

Complement

Specific immune responses and the adaptive immune system

general concepts

cell-mediated immunity

internship and residency of lymphocytes

antigens and immune triggering