Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

electrical and mechanical syncytium

role of the anulus fibrosus

Basic Organization

structural features

intercalated disks

fascia adherens and desmosomes

gap junctions

banding pattern

other proteins

meromyosin

C protein

tropomodulin

titin

titinopathies

resistance to stretch

sarcoplasmic reticulum

familial cardiomyopathic hypertrophy

T tubules

familial cardiomyopathic hypertrophy

conduction system

sinoatrial node

atrioventricular node

bundle of His and Purkinje system

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

voltage-gated L-type Ca²⁺ channel

α₁, α₂, β, γ, & δ

ryanodine receptors

electrochemical coupling

electromechanical coupling

contraction mechanism

thin filament regulated

regulation of intracellular [Ca²⁺]

relaxation

SR Ca²⁺ pump (SERCA)

3Na⁺–1Ca²⁺ antiporter & sarcolemmal Ca²⁺ pump

Regulation of Force of Contraction

intracellular calcium

positive inotropy

positive lusitropy

positive chronotropy

β-adrenergic agonists

epinephrine and norepinephrine

adenylate cyclase → cAMP

phospholamban

at the cellular level

A kinase anchor protein (AKAP)

cAMP-dependent protein kinase

mutations in ryanodine receptor

Stretch

Frank-Starling law of the heart

titin

mutations in ryanodine receptor

Metabolism

creatine phosphate

Hypertrophy

physiological hypertrophy

concentric left ventricular hypertrophy

dilated left ventricular hypertrophy

at the cellular level

calcineurin

NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells)

MEF2 (myocyte enhancer factor 2)

histone deacetylase (HDAC)

phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)

β-adrenergic receptor kinase 1

Links

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