bio-u119 Exam 3 Sampler

bio-u119 human anatomy & physiology 2

exam 3 sampler questions

Digestive system anatomy

201. The connection between the greater and lesser omental bursae is the

a. epiploïc foramen (of Winslow)

b. inguinal canal

c. ductus arteriosus

d. foramen of Magendie

202. The lamina propria is part of the

a. mucosa

b. submucosa

c. muscularis externa

d. serosa

e. adventitia

203. Which of these is not a peritoneal structure?

a. lesser omentum

b. gastrolienic ligament

c. transverse mesocolon

d. patellar ligament

204. Cranial parasympathetic impulses are delivered to the digestive tract via the

a. olfactory nerve

b. glossopharyngeal nerve

c. hypoglossal nerve

d. vagus nerve

205. The embryonic starting point for the developing thyroid gland is the

a. lingual frenulum

b. foramen cecum

c. arytenoid cartilage

d. ductus venosus

206. If an individual is said to be tongue-tied, it is because the __________ is too short.

a. superior labial frenulum (frenum)

b. inferior labial frenulum

c. lingual frenulum

d. genioglossus m

207. Postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system are located in the

a. celiac ganglion

b. myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus

c. submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus

d. both {b} and {c}

208. Which of these represents the deciduous dental formula?

a. 2-1-0-2

b. 2-1-3-2

c. 3-1-2-2

d. 2-1-2-3

209. The pulp cavity of a tooth is surrounded by?

a. ameloblasts

b. dentin

c. gingiva

d. Sharpey’s fibers

210. The parotid salivary gland

a. opens into sublingual caruncles

b. is drained by Wharton’s duct

c. overlies Stenson’s duct

d. produces a purely mucous secretion

e. none of these

211. The sphincter between the stomach and duodenum is the

a. pyloric sphincter

b. cardioesophageal sphincter

c. ileocecal valve

d. none of these

212. The vermiform appendix is attached to the

a. terminal ileum

b. cecum

c. ascending colon

d. porta hepatis

213. The ligament of Treitz is found at the

a. pyloroduodenal junction

b. duodenojejunal flexure

c. ileocecal valve

d. sigmoidorectal junction

214. The bare area of the liver

a. lies on the inferior surface of the liver

b. covers the quadrate lobe

c. does not have a peritoneal covering

d. all of these

215. The cystic duct joins the common bile duct to the

a. duodenal papilla

b. R & L hepatic ducts

c. gallbladder

d. none of these

216. The islets of Langerhans are endocrine-cell clusters within the

a. liver

b. gallbladder

c. pyloric region of the stomach

d. pancreas

217. Which of these digestive system organs is not found in the abdominopelvic cavity?

a. esophagus

b. stomach

c. sigmoid colon

d. rectum

e. all are

218. The junction of the __________ with the superior mesenteric v forms the hepatic portal v.

a. gastroepiploïc v

b. inferior mesenteric v

c. splenic v

d. internal iliac v

219. The jejunal a, a branch of the SMA, belongs to which organ system?

a. cardiovascular system

b. digestive system

c. urinary system

d. musculoskeletal system

e. endocrine system

220. The function of the hepatic portal system is to

a. carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract

b. collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage before releasing them to the circulation for cellular use

c. distribute hormones

d. return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low

221. The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called

a. mesenteries

b. the lamina propria

c. serosal linings

d. mucosal linings

222. The structure known as the fauces is the

a. submaxillary gland

b. epiglottis

c. thyroid gland

d. passageway from the oral cavity to the pharynx

223. The plicae circulares and intestinal villi are found in which of the four layers of the gut tube wall?

a. mucosa

b. serosa

c. adventitia

d. muscularis externa

224. Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?

a. There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge.

b. There are 27 permanent teeth, and the first molars are usually the last to emerge.

c. The number of permanent teeth is always the same as the number of primary teeth.

d. The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to the number of lower permanent teeth.

225. Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells in the stomach?

a. chief cells

b. parietal cells

c. serous cells

d. mucous neck cells

The following questions are true/false. Answer {a} if true, {b} if false.

301. The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) supplies structures derived from the embryonic hindgut.

302. In general, stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system inhibits activity in the gastrointestinal tract. Strong stimulation of the sympathetic system can totally block movement of food through the tract.

303. Sympathetic input to the gut tube comes via the vagus n.

304. 90% of the water ingested and present in the digestive secretions is reabsorbed by the large intestine.

305. The accessory pancreatic duct (of Santorini) is found in 90–95% of all females.

306. Peyer’s patches are found in the submucosa of the distal part of the ileum.

307. Dentin anchors the tooth in the socket.

308. At the junction of the main pancreatic duct and the common bile duct is an enlarged area called the hapatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater).

309. Another term for swallowing is deglutition.

310. The layer of muscularis externa in the intestine that is directly in contact with the serosa is the circular layer.

311. The peritoneum is the most extensive serous membrane in the body.

312. Most nutrients are absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villi by active transport.

313. Peyer's patches are found in the submucosa of the distal end of the large intestine.

314. The cell type of the wall of the large intestine is very different from that of the small intestine.

315. Kupffer cells are found in the liver and are responsible for removing bacteria and worn-out cells.

316. The intrinsic ability of visceral smooth muscle to exhibit the stress-relaxation response is termed plasticity.

317. The soft palate rises reflexively to open the nasopharynx when we swallow food.

318. The stomach's contractile rhythm is set by pacemaker cells found in the spinal cord.

319. Pepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for protein digestion and is secreted by the parietal cells.

320. The myenteric nerve plexus provides the major nerve supply to the GI tract wall and controls GI motility.

321. Some of the microbes that often invade other organs of the body are rarely found in the stomach. The reason for this is the presence of HCl.

322. Chemical digestion of lipids is initiated in the mouth.

323. The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile.

324. As food passes through the digestive tract, it becomes less complex and the nutrients are more readily available to the body.

325. The major stimulus for production of intestinal fluid is distention or irritation of the intestinal mucosa by hypertonic or acidic chyme.

326. The main chemical activity of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins.

327. Food is contained in the gastrointestinal tract from the time of ingestion until it is completely digested and the waste prepared for elimination.

327. Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach.

328. The mucosa is found only in the jejunum because this is the only part of the small intestine in need of mucus.

329. The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons.

330. The function of the enzyme salivary amylase is to begin digesting proteins.

331. The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function.

Digestive system physiology

Metabolism and energetics

401. Although not an enzyme, this is extremely important in the digestion of lipids.

a. amylase

b. bile

c. lactase

d. pepsin

402. Under physiological conditions, the amount of available energy from the two high energy phosphate bonds in ATP is approximately __________ per mole.

a. 12500 calories

b. 25000 calories

c. 50000 calories

403. The energy expended during propagation of a nerve impulse is used primarily to fuel the __________ after nerve action potentials have been conducted.

a. resynthesis of neurotransmitter

b. sodium-potassium pump

c. update of choline

404. The entry point for glucose into glycogenesis is as

a. glucose-1-phosphate

b. glycogen

c. glucose-6-phosphate

405. The energy currency of the cell is

a. ATP

b. phosphocreatine

c. glucose

406. One calorie is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gm of water __________

a. 10° Celsius

b. 1° Celsius

c. 100° Celsius

407. Lipids are transported in the blood in combination with

a. micelles

b. cellulose

c. proteins

408. An amino acid that the body cannot synthesize on its own is called a(n) __________ amino acid

a. essential

b. primary

c. tertiary

409. A substance that can activate phosphorylase for glycogenolysis is

a. epinephrine

b. glucagon

c. both of these

410. The hormone that increases blood glucose levels is

a. glucagon

b. insulin

c. somatomedin

411. Digestive enzymes break the bonds between the monomeric building blocks of a macromolecule by the process of

a. dehydration

b. esterification

c. hydrolysis

412. Most water is removed from the digestive tract by the

a. large intestine

b. kidneys

c. small intestine

d. stomach

413. Digestion of starch begins in the __________ with the secretion of an amylase.

a. small intestine

b. stomach

c. oral cavity

414. Terminal digestion of foodstuffs into absorbable molecules occurs by the use of enzymes found in the __________ of the intestinal absorptive cells.

a. mitochondria

b. brush border

c. lysosomes

415. Energy that can be derived from foods without the simultaneous use of oxygen is

a. aerobic energy

b. Gibbs’ free energy

c. anaerobic energy

d. energy of activation

416. Which of these factors would increase the metabolic rate?

a. maximal release of thyroxine

b. strenuous exercise

c. eating a meal containing large quantities of protein

d. all of these

417. Which exercise results in the greatest energy expenditure?

a. walking up stairs

b. walking at 5.3 miles per hour

c. swimming

d. carpentry

418. You are a 55 kg female, aged 37. If you sit in a chair all day, reading, your energy expenditure over eight hours is approximately

a. 500 Calories

b. 800 Calories

c. 1200 Calories

d. 1650 Calories

e. 2000 Calories

419. In order to measure a basal metabolic rate accurately, the subject must not have eaten any food for at least

a. six hours

b. 12 hours

c. 24 hours

d. two days

420. The basic propulsive movement of the gastrointestinal tract is

a. peristalsis

b. slow waves

c. local constrictive contractions

d. segmentation contractions

421. Which of these sphincters is under voluntary control?

a. lower esophageal

b. pyloric

c. sigmo-rectal

d. external anal

422. Which of these hormones, secreted by upper small bowel mucosa in response to fat, decreases motor activity of the stomach?

a. gastric inhibitory peptide

b. cholecystokinin

c. secretin

d. none of these

423. Mixing of chyme in the small intestine is accomplished primarily by

a. mass movements

b. deglutition

c. peristalsis

d. segmentation contractions

424. The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as

a. gluconeogenesis

b. fat sparing

c. carbohydrate utilization

d. lipolysis

425. The term essential amino acid refers to those amino acids that

a. the body cannot synthesize

b. contribute to the pool of structural proteins

c. become part of the metabolic reserve

d. are stored unmodified

The following questions are true/false. Answer {a} if true, {b} if false.

501. The glycolytic pathway provides approximately 1200 kcal of energy for each mole of glucose.

502. When oxygen is metabolized with various foodstuffs (glucose, starch, fats, proteins), we discover that the greatest number of calories are released from fats.

503. The major stimulus for the release of cholecystokinin is low duodenal pH.

504. Normally, following the urge to defecate, if the external anal sphincter is kept contracted, the defecation reflexes die out in a few minutes, and they remain quiet for several hours or until additional amounts of feces enter the rectum.

505. Glycogenolysis can be promoted by epinephrine and glucagon, both agents causing the activation of a phosphorylase.

506. Vitamin D₃ is modified in two steps: first, in the liver to 25-hydroxycholecaciferol and then in the kidneys to calcitrol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol).

507. Phosphocreatine can act in the same manner as ATP, as a coupling agent for transfer of energy between foods and functioning cellular systems.

508. A deficit of potassium can cause rickets.

509. Carbohydrate and fat pools are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy, but amino acid pools must first be converted to a carbohydrate intermediate before being sent through cellular respiration pathways.

510. Glycolysis is a series of six chemical reactions, all of which take place in the mitochondria.

511. The increased use of noncarbohydrate molecules to conserve glucose is called glucose sparing.

512. The current recommendation is to consume 125 to 175 grams of carbohydrate per day with the emphasis on complex carbohydrates.

513. Except for lactose and some glycogen, the carbohydrates we ingest are mainly from animals.

514. It would not be healthy to eliminate all fats from your diet because they serve a useful purpose in maintaining the body.

515. Diets high in cholesterol and saturated fats tend to have high HDL concentrations.

516. There are 686 kilocalories of energy present in one mole of glucose, and 262 kilocalories of it is captured in the bonds of ATP molecules.

517. The body's thermoregulatory centers are located in the thalamus.

518. In order for amino acids to be oxidized for energy, the amine group (NH2) must be removed.

519. All food carbohydrates are eventually transformed to glucose.

520. There are no complete proteins. All animal products should be eaten with plant material to make a complete protein.

521. The pancreas is the primary source of VLDLs.

522. The cell gains 34 ATP molecules from aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule.

523. Triglycerides and cholesterol do not circulate freely in the bloodstream.

524. Vitamins are inorganic compounds that are essential for growth and good health.

525. Glycogenesis begins when glucose entering cells is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate and converted to its isomer, glucose-1-phosphate.

526. The term essential nutrient refers to the chemicals that can be interconverted in the liver so that the body can maintain life and good health.

527. There are no minimum daily requirements for the ingestion of carbohydrates in order to maintain adequate blood glucose levels.

528. The most abundant dietary lipids in the diets of most Americans are triglycerides.

529. The body is considered to be in nitrogen balance when the amount of nitrogen ingested in lipids equals the amount excreted in urine.

530. High levels of HDLs are considered good.

531. Cellular respiration is an anabolic process.

532. The body requires adequate supplies of only three minerals (calcium, sodium, chloride) and trace amounts of all others.