Cardiovascular Physiology — Cardiac Failure

Dynamics of circulation in cardiac failure

acute effects of moderate failure

compensation by sympathetic reflexes

cardiac effects

peripheral vascular effects

chronic stage of failure

renal fluid retention

myocardial recovery

compensated heart failure

reduction of cardiac reserve

decompensated heart failure

progressive fluid retention

progressive ↑ of mean systemic filling pressure

progressive ↑ of RA pressure

treatment

cardiotonic agents (digitalis)

diuretics

Unilateral left heart failure

↑ mean pulmonary filling pressure

pulmonary vascular congestion

pulmonary edema

death by suffocation

Cardiogenic shock (low-ouput failure)

inadequate cardiac pumping

vicious cycle of cardiac deterioration

treatments

cardiotonic agents

↑ blood pressure

Edema in cardiac failure

↓ peripheral capillary pressure

long-term renal fluid retention

↑ peripheral capillary pressure

causes of ↓ renal output

↓ glomerular filtration

↓ arterial pressure

sympathetic constriction

activation of renin-angiotensin system

↑ aldosterone secretion

ADH secretion

atrial natriuretic peptide

acute pulmonary edema

Cardiac reserve