BIO 4162 & 4166: Human Anatomy & Physiology 2
Lecture & Laboratory
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Possessing the skills for effective communication will be invaluable in your future endeavors.
This course affirms its commitment to practice-oriented education.
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General and Animal Biology or equivalent is strongly recommended.
Anatomy & Physiology 1 lecture and laboratory (BIO 4161/4165, or equivalent).
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Exam 1 .....
Exam 2 .....
Attendance .....
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..... 35%
..... 45%
..... 20%
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Quiz 1 .....
Quiz 2 .....
Attendance .....
Participation .....
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..... 30%
..... 30%
..... 20%
..... 20%
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Anatomy of the central nervous system:
evolution and general design;
anatomy of the brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum.
Sensory physiology:
afferent signaling;
receptor functions;
pain.
Motor systems:
efferent signaling;
autonomic nervous system;
Thoracic anatomy:
chest wall;
thoracic cavities and the mediastinum;
respiratory system anatomy:
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs.
Physiology of the cardiovascular system:
characteristics of blood;
hemodynamics;
the cardiac cycle and cardiac output;
blood vessels and their functioning:
arteries as passageways
arterioles as resistance vessels
capillaries as sites of exchange
lymphatics and interstitial fluid return
veins and venous return.
Immunity:
resistance to infection;
nonspecific immune responses:
inflammation
complement
specific immune responses:
humoral immunity
cell-mediated immunity
immune disorders;
external defenses.
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Cow spinal cord dissection.
Microscopic anatomy of the spinal cord.
Neurological basis of human reflexes.
Cutaneous receptors.
Sheep eye dissection.
Visual testing.
Anatomy of the ear.
Auditory testing.
Cranial nerve and special sense testing.
Internet searching.
Anatomy of the endocrine glands.
Steroid hormones.
Cardiovascular system:
circulatory system design;
heart anatomy:
chambers
valves
conducting system
coronary circulation
angiology:
aorta
common carotid a
subclavian a
venous return to the heart
fetal circulatory changes.
Human electrocardiogram:
at rest;
following exercise.
Human blood pressure measurements:
at rest;
following exercise.
Blood:
hematocrit;
hemoglobin determination;
erythrocyte counts;
leukocyte counts;
leukocyte identification.
Thoracic anatomy:
thoracic cavities and the mediastinum;
respiratory system anatomy:
pharynx;
larynx;
trachea;
lungs.
Human respiration:
measurement of volumes;
effects of gas concentrations;
effects of exercise.
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To understand the anatomy and physiology of the human central nervous
system and how it functions in homeostasis.
To learn the endocrine organs and the hormones they produce, and to understand how
the endocrine system functions in homeostasis.
To learn how to use the Internet as a tool for gathering information.
To understand the physiology of cardiovascular and immune systems and
how they function to maintain homeostasis.
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To learn anatomic components of the body by dissection and to understand
their regional and systems relationships.
To achieve practical dexterity in dissection and keenness of observation.
To learn how to use the Internet as a tool for augmenting knowledge learned in
the laboratory exercises.
Although not required when taking the A&P 2 lecture course (BIO 4162), the
data acquired during hands-on dissection and observation will facilitate the
student’s comprehension of the lecture material.
To identify selected structures of the central nervous system through examination of
models and specimens and by dissection.
To understand how the body obtains information, processes it, and executes a function
based on that processing.
To appreciate how to design experiments to test physiologic phenomena, to learn
how to be organized in performing the experiments, to collect data accurately,
and to prepare a detailed report of the exercise.
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Class lectures based upon the distributed outlines. This material may,
from time to time, be augmented by assigned readings, Internet searches,
or video presentations.
Exams will be based on the lecture presentations and any other assigned material.
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Dissection of the sheep brain, bovine spinal cord, and sheep eye. Examination of anatomic
and histologic material. The student will
be responsible for being able to identify items specified in the laboratory guide handout.
Material may be added to or deleted from this list as the instructor deems necessary.
Physiology exercises will be performed by the students carefully following the
protocols within the laboratory guide. Any deviations from the prescribed procedures
will be explained at the beginning of the laboratory session. On occasion, the student
may have to prepare a written report for the laboratory exercise.
Laboratory exercise content may be augmented by assigned readings, Internet searches,
or video presentations.
The quizzes used to test the students’ knowledge may use specimens or illustrations.
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Two examinations with a good attendance record, as specified on the fine print page.
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Two practical examinations with a good attendance record and active participation.
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